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Maintenance of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Behaviors Among Adolescents and Their Caregivers: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
RESEARCH BRIEF ¡ª Volume 22 ¡ª May 20, 2025
PEER REVIEWED
Fourteen schools were invited to participate in Kids SIPsmartER; of these, 2 declined to participate, and the remaining 12 were randomized to either intervention (6 schools, 620 student/caregiver dyads) or control (6 schools, 802 student/caregiver dyads). The following occurred for the intervention group: 263/620 students were not enrolled (42%), and 430/620 caregivers were not enrolled (69%). In the 6 schools/clusters enrolled, 357/620 students (58%) and 190/620 caregivers (31%) were enrolled. Lost to 7-month follow-up were 28/357 students (8%) and 64/190 caregivers (34%). At 7-month follow-up, there were 6 schools/clusters, 329/357 students (92%) and 126/190 caregivers (66%). Before analysis, outliers were excluded: 23/357 students (6%) and 8/190 caregivers (4%). At 7-month follow-up analysis, 6 schools/clusters, 306/357 students (86%) and 118/190 caregivers (62%) were included. Lost to 19-month follow-up were 152/357 students (43%) and 47/190 caregivers (25%). At 19-month follow-up, there were 6 Schools/clusters, 154/357 students (43%) and 71/190 caregivers (37%). Before analysis, outliers were excluded: 12/357 students (3%) and 6/190 caregivers (3%). Included in the 19-month follow-up analysis were 6 schools/clusters, 142/357 students (40%), and 65/190 caregivers (34%). The following occurred in the control group: 494/802 students were not enrolled (62%), and 644/802 caregivers were not enrolled (80%). In the 6 schools/clusters enrolled, 308/802 students (38%) and 158/802 caregivers (20%) were enrolled. Lost to 7-month follow-up were 50/308 students (16%) and 48/158 caregivers (30%). At 7-month follow-up, there were 6 schools/clusters, 258/308 students (84%), and 110/158 caregivers (70%). Before analysis, outliers were excluded: 38/308 students (12%) and 8/110 caregivers (7%). Included in 7-month follow-up analysis were 6 schools/clusters, 220/308 students (71%), and 102/158 caregivers (65%). Lost to 19-month analysis were 50/308 students (16%) and 27/158 caregivers (17%). At 19-month follow-up, there were 6 schools/clusters, 170/308 students (55%), and 75/158 caregivers (47%). Before analysis, outliers were excluded: 3/308 students (1%) and 7/158 caregivers (4%). Included at 19-month analysis were 6 schools/clusters, 167/308 students (54%), and 68/158 caregivers (43%).
Figure 1.
CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) flow diagram for Kids SIPsmartER, an intervention designed to decrease intake of sugar-sweetened beverages among middle school students and their caregivers in southwestern Virginia and West Virginia, 2018–2022.
Figure 2.
Changes in intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, in ounces, by randomized treatment condition, among students and caregivers in Kids SIPsmartER, an intervention designed to decrease intake among middle school students and their caregivers in southwestern Virginia and West Virginia, 2018–2022. Abbreviation: ES, effect size.
| Condition | Students, no. of ounces | Caregivers, no. of ounces | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–7 Months | 0–19 Months | 0–7 Months | 0–19 Months | |
| Kids SIPsmartER | −6.1 (−10.1 to −1.9) | −9.4 (−13.6 to −5.1) | −7.5 (−10.7 to −4.3) | −3.2 (−5.9 to −0.5) |
| Control | −2.0 (−3.6 to −0.4) | −4.0 (−6.9 to −1.2) | −2.8 (−5.6 to 0.03) | −3.3 (−8.1 to 1.4) |
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